return 0;
 }
 
-static void tscm_card_free(struct snd_card *card)
+static void tscm_free(struct snd_tscm *tscm)
 {
-       struct snd_tscm *tscm = card->private_data;
-
        snd_tscm_transaction_unregister(tscm);
        snd_tscm_stream_destroy_duplex(tscm);
 
        mutex_destroy(&tscm->mutex);
 }
 
-static int snd_tscm_probe(struct fw_unit *unit,
-                          const struct ieee1394_device_id *entry)
+static void tscm_card_free(struct snd_card *card)
 {
-       struct snd_card *card;
-       struct snd_tscm *tscm;
+       tscm_free(card->private_data);
+}
+
+static void do_registration(struct work_struct *work)
+{
+       struct snd_tscm *tscm = container_of(work, struct snd_tscm, dwork.work);
        int err;
 
-       /* create card */
-       err = snd_card_new(&unit->device, -1, NULL, THIS_MODULE,
-                          sizeof(struct snd_tscm), &card);
+       err = snd_card_new(&tscm->unit->device, -1, NULL, THIS_MODULE, 0,
+                          &tscm->card);
        if (err < 0)
-               return err;
-       card->private_free = tscm_card_free;
-
-       /* initialize myself */
-       tscm = card->private_data;
-       tscm->card = card;
-       tscm->unit = fw_unit_get(unit);
-
-       mutex_init(&tscm->mutex);
-       spin_lock_init(&tscm->lock);
-       init_waitqueue_head(&tscm->hwdep_wait);
+               return;
 
        err = identify_model(tscm);
        if (err < 0)
                goto error;
 
-       snd_tscm_proc_init(tscm);
-
-       err = snd_tscm_stream_init_duplex(tscm);
+       err = snd_tscm_transaction_register(tscm);
        if (err < 0)
                goto error;
 
-       err = snd_tscm_create_pcm_devices(tscm);
+       err = snd_tscm_stream_init_duplex(tscm);
        if (err < 0)
                goto error;
 
-       err = snd_tscm_transaction_register(tscm);
+       snd_tscm_proc_init(tscm);
+
+       err = snd_tscm_create_pcm_devices(tscm);
        if (err < 0)
                goto error;
 
        if (err < 0)
                goto error;
 
-       err = snd_card_register(card);
+       err = snd_card_register(tscm->card);
        if (err < 0)
                goto error;
 
-       dev_set_drvdata(&unit->device, tscm);
+       /*
+        * After registered, tscm instance can be released corresponding to
+        * releasing the sound card instance.
+        */
+       tscm->card->private_free = tscm_card_free;
+       tscm->card->private_data = tscm;
+       tscm->registered = true;
 
-       return err;
+       return;
 error:
-       snd_card_free(card);
-       return err;
+       snd_tscm_transaction_unregister(tscm);
+       snd_tscm_stream_destroy_duplex(tscm);
+       snd_card_free(tscm->card);
+       dev_info(&tscm->unit->device,
+                "Sound card registration failed: %d\n", err);
+}
+
+static int snd_tscm_probe(struct fw_unit *unit,
+                          const struct ieee1394_device_id *entry)
+{
+       struct snd_tscm *tscm;
+
+       /* Allocate this independent of sound card instance. */
+       tscm = kzalloc(sizeof(struct snd_tscm), GFP_KERNEL);
+       if (tscm == NULL)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+
+       /* initialize myself */
+       tscm->unit = fw_unit_get(unit);
+       dev_set_drvdata(&unit->device, tscm);
+
+       mutex_init(&tscm->mutex);
+       spin_lock_init(&tscm->lock);
+       init_waitqueue_head(&tscm->hwdep_wait);
+
+       /* Allocate and register this sound card later. */
+       INIT_DEFERRABLE_WORK(&tscm->dwork, do_registration);
+       snd_fw_schedule_registration(unit, &tscm->dwork);
+
+       return 0;
 }
 
 static void snd_tscm_update(struct fw_unit *unit)
 {
        struct snd_tscm *tscm = dev_get_drvdata(&unit->device);
 
+       /* Postpone a workqueue for deferred registration. */
+       if (!tscm->registered)
+               snd_fw_schedule_registration(unit, &tscm->dwork);
+
        snd_tscm_transaction_reregister(tscm);
 
-       mutex_lock(&tscm->mutex);
-       snd_tscm_stream_update_duplex(tscm);
-       mutex_unlock(&tscm->mutex);
+       /*
+        * After registration, userspace can start packet streaming, then this
+        * code block works fine.
+        */
+       if (tscm->registered) {
+               mutex_lock(&tscm->mutex);
+               snd_tscm_stream_update_duplex(tscm);
+               mutex_unlock(&tscm->mutex);
+       }
 }
 
 static void snd_tscm_remove(struct fw_unit *unit)
 {
        struct snd_tscm *tscm = dev_get_drvdata(&unit->device);
 
-       /* No need to wait for releasing card object in this context. */
-       snd_card_free_when_closed(tscm->card);
+       /*
+        * Confirm to stop the work for registration before the sound card is
+        * going to be released. The work is not scheduled again because bus
+        * reset handler is not called anymore.
+        */
+       cancel_delayed_work_sync(&tscm->dwork);
+
+       if (tscm->registered) {
+               /* No need to wait for releasing card object in this context. */
+               snd_card_free_when_closed(tscm->card);
+       } else {
+               /* Don't forget this case. */
+               tscm_free(tscm);
+       }
 }
 
 static const struct ieee1394_device_id snd_tscm_id_table[] = {