#define nvme_compat_ioctl      NULL
 #endif
 
+static int nvme_open(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode)
+{
+       struct nvme_ns *ns = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
+       struct nvme_dev *dev = ns->dev;
+
+       kref_get(&dev->kref);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static void nvme_free_dev(struct kref *kref);
+
+static void nvme_release(struct gendisk *disk, fmode_t mode)
+{
+       struct nvme_ns *ns = disk->private_data;
+       struct nvme_dev *dev = ns->dev;
+
+       kref_put(&dev->kref, nvme_free_dev);
+}
+
 static const struct block_device_operations nvme_fops = {
        .owner          = THIS_MODULE,
        .ioctl          = nvme_ioctl,
        .compat_ioctl   = nvme_compat_ioctl,
+       .open           = nvme_open,
+       .release        = nvme_release,
 };
 
 static void nvme_resubmit_bios(struct nvme_queue *nvmeq)
        return NULL;
 }
 
-static void nvme_ns_free(struct nvme_ns *ns)
-{
-       put_disk(ns->disk);
-       blk_cleanup_queue(ns->queue);
-       kfree(ns);
-}
-
 static int set_queue_count(struct nvme_dev *dev, int count)
 {
        int status;
 
 static void nvme_dev_remove(struct nvme_dev *dev)
 {
-       struct nvme_ns *ns, *next;
+       struct nvme_ns *ns;
 
-       list_for_each_entry_safe(ns, next, &dev->namespaces, list) {
-               list_del(&ns->list);
-               del_gendisk(ns->disk);
-               nvme_ns_free(ns);
+       list_for_each_entry(ns, &dev->namespaces, list) {
+               if (ns->disk->flags & GENHD_FL_UP)
+                       del_gendisk(ns->disk);
+               if (!blk_queue_dying(ns->queue))
+                       blk_cleanup_queue(ns->queue);
        }
 }
 
        spin_unlock(&dev_list_lock);
 }
 
+static void nvme_free_namespaces(struct nvme_dev *dev)
+{
+       struct nvme_ns *ns, *next;
+
+       list_for_each_entry_safe(ns, next, &dev->namespaces, list) {
+               list_del(&ns->list);
+               put_disk(ns->disk);
+               kfree(ns);
+       }
+}
+
 static void nvme_free_dev(struct kref *kref)
 {
        struct nvme_dev *dev = container_of(kref, struct nvme_dev, kref);
+
+       nvme_free_namespaces(dev);
        kfree(dev->queues);
        kfree(dev->entry);
        kfree(dev);
                goto release_pools;
        }
 
+       kref_init(&dev->kref);
        result = nvme_dev_add(dev);
        if (result)
                goto shutdown;
                goto remove;
 
        dev->initialized = 1;
-       kref_init(&dev->kref);
        return 0;
 
  remove:
        nvme_dev_remove(dev);
+       nvme_free_namespaces(dev);
  shutdown:
        nvme_dev_shutdown(dev);
  release_pools: