if (shmem->pages)
                        drm_gem_shmem_put_pages_locked(shmem);
 
-               drm_WARN_ON(obj->dev, shmem->pages_use_count);
+               drm_WARN_ON(obj->dev, refcount_read(&shmem->pages_use_count));
                drm_WARN_ON(obj->dev, refcount_read(&shmem->pages_pin_count));
 
                dma_resv_unlock(shmem->base.resv);
 
        dma_resv_assert_held(shmem->base.resv);
 
-       if (shmem->pages_use_count++ > 0)
+       if (refcount_inc_not_zero(&shmem->pages_use_count))
                return 0;
 
        pages = drm_gem_get_pages(obj);
        if (IS_ERR(pages)) {
                drm_dbg_kms(obj->dev, "Failed to get pages (%ld)\n",
                            PTR_ERR(pages));
-               shmem->pages_use_count = 0;
                return PTR_ERR(pages);
        }
 
 
        shmem->pages = pages;
 
+       refcount_set(&shmem->pages_use_count, 1);
+
        return 0;
 }
 
 
        dma_resv_assert_held(shmem->base.resv);
 
-       if (drm_WARN_ON_ONCE(obj->dev, !shmem->pages_use_count))
-               return;
-
-       if (--shmem->pages_use_count > 0)
-               return;
-
+       if (refcount_dec_and_test(&shmem->pages_use_count)) {
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86
-       if (shmem->map_wc)
-               set_pages_array_wb(shmem->pages, obj->size >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+               if (shmem->map_wc)
+                       set_pages_array_wb(shmem->pages, obj->size >> PAGE_SHIFT);
 #endif
 
-       drm_gem_put_pages(obj, shmem->pages,
-                         shmem->pages_mark_dirty_on_put,
-                         shmem->pages_mark_accessed_on_put);
-       shmem->pages = NULL;
+               drm_gem_put_pages(obj, shmem->pages,
+                                 shmem->pages_mark_dirty_on_put,
+                                 shmem->pages_mark_accessed_on_put);
+               shmem->pages = NULL;
+       }
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(drm_gem_shmem_put_pages_locked);
 
         * mmap'd, vm_open() just grabs an additional reference for the new
         * mm the vma is getting copied into (ie. on fork()).
         */
-       if (!drm_WARN_ON_ONCE(obj->dev, !shmem->pages_use_count))
-               shmem->pages_use_count++;
+       drm_WARN_ON_ONCE(obj->dev,
+                        !refcount_inc_not_zero(&shmem->pages_use_count));
 
        dma_resv_unlock(shmem->base.resv);
 
                return;
 
        drm_printf_indent(p, indent, "pages_pin_count=%u\n", refcount_read(&shmem->pages_pin_count));
-       drm_printf_indent(p, indent, "pages_use_count=%u\n", shmem->pages_use_count);
+       drm_printf_indent(p, indent, "pages_use_count=%u\n", refcount_read(&shmem->pages_use_count));
        drm_printf_indent(p, indent, "vmap_use_count=%u\n", shmem->vmap_use_count);
        drm_printf_indent(p, indent, "vaddr=%p\n", shmem->vaddr);
 }
 
        shmem = drm_gem_shmem_create(drm_dev, TEST_SIZE);
        KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, shmem);
        KUNIT_EXPECT_NULL(test, shmem->pages);
-       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shmem->pages_use_count, 0);
+       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, refcount_read(&shmem->pages_use_count), 0);
 
        ret = kunit_add_action_or_reset(test, drm_gem_shmem_free_wrapper, shmem);
        KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
        ret = drm_gem_shmem_pin(shmem);
        KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
        KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, shmem->pages);
-       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shmem->pages_use_count, 1);
+       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, refcount_read(&shmem->pages_use_count), 1);
 
        for (i = 0; i < (shmem->base.size >> PAGE_SHIFT); i++)
                KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, shmem->pages[i]);
 
        drm_gem_shmem_unpin(shmem);
        KUNIT_EXPECT_NULL(test, shmem->pages);
-       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shmem->pages_use_count, 0);
+       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, refcount_read(&shmem->pages_use_count), 0);
 }
 
 /*
        sgt = drm_gem_shmem_get_pages_sgt(shmem);
        KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, sgt);
        KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, shmem->pages);
-       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shmem->pages_use_count, 1);
+       KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, refcount_read(&shmem->pages_use_count), 1);
        KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_EQ(test, sgt, shmem->sgt);
 
        for_each_sgtable_sg(sgt, sg, si) {