selftests/bpf: test correct loop_entry update in copy_verifier_state

selftests/bpf: test correct loop_entry update in copy_verifier_state

A somewhat cumbersome test case sensitive to correct copying of
bpf_verifier_state->loop_entry fields in
verifier.c:copy_verifier_state().
W/o the fix from a previous commit the program is accepted as safe.

     1:  /* poison block */
     2:  if (random() != 24) {       // assume false branch is placed first
     3:    i = iter_new();
     4:    while (iter_next(i));
     5:    iter_destroy(i);
     6:    return;
     7:  }
     8:
     9:  /* dfs_depth block */
    10:  for (i = 10; i > 0; i--);
    11:
    12:  /* main block */
    13:  i = iter_new();             // fp[-16]
    14:  b = -24;                    // r8
    15:  for (;;) {
    16:    if (iter_next(i))
    17:      break;
    18:    if (random() == 77) {     // assume false branch is placed first
    19:      *(u64 *)(r10 + b) = 7;  // this is not safe when b == -25
    20:      iter_destroy(i);
    21:      return;
    22:    }
    23:    if (random() == 42) {     // assume false branch is placed first
    24:      b = -25;
    25:    }
    26:  }
    27:  iter_destroy(i);

The goal of this example is to:
(a) poison env->cur_state->loop_entry with a state S,
    such that S->branches == 0;
(b) set state S as a loop_entry for all checkpoints in
    /* main block */, thus forcing NOT_EXACT states comparisons;
(c) exploit incorrect loop_entry set for checkpoint at line 18
    by first creating a checkpoint with b == -24 and then
    pruning the state with b == -25 using that checkpoint.

The /* poison block */ is responsible for goal (a).
It forces verifier to first validate some unrelated iterator based
loop, which leads to an update_loop_entry() call in is_state_visited(),
which places checkpoint created at line 4 as env->cur_state->loop_entry.
Starting from line 8, the branch count for that checkpoint is 0.

The /* dfs_depth block */ is responsible for goal (b).
It abuses the fact that update_loop_entry(cur, hdr) only updates
cur->loop_entry when hdr->dfs_depth <= cur->dfs_depth.
After line 12 every state has dfs_depth bigger then dfs_depth of
poisoned env->cur_state->loop_entry. Thus the above condition is never
true for lines 12-27.

The /* main block */ is responsible for goal (c).
Verification proceeds as follows:
- checkpoint {b=-24,i=active} created at line 16;
- jump 18->23 is verified first, jump to 19 pushed to stack;
- jump 23->26 is verified first, jump to 24 pushed to stack;
- checkpoint {b=-24,i=active} created at line 15;
- current state is pruned by checkpoint created at line 16,
  this sets branches count for checkpoint at line 15 to 0;
- jump to 24 is popped from stack;
- line 16 is reached in state {b=-25,i=active};
- this is pruned by a previous checkpoint {b=-24,i=active}:
  - checkpoint's loop_entry is poisoned and has branch count of 0,
    hence states are compared using NOT_EXACT rules;
  - b is not marked precise yet.

Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250215110411.3236773-3-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>